Report Letter Sample

Nowadays, almost all business people need to write report style letters devoted to the businessmen outside the company. Nowadays, business correspondence is one of the main means of a report letter sample. Therefore, business people should get acquainted with a business letter format along with formal tone requirements. Business documents should be brief and precise; therefore, it is better to limit report letters to one page. Ordinarily, report style letters serve different purposes so that proposed report letter sample gives the opportunity to observe the kind of business document designed for such purposes: inform and outline recommendations. Designed for informing and outlining the recommendations report letter plays a significant role in the reputation and success of the organization due to the importance of data involved in the report which covers the companys products, operations, or even services. 06 January 2017 Mr. A.B. Smith 123 Sample Street, NY New York, US 10001 Dear Mr. Smith: SUBJECT: LLTS SAFE STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES As you requested on LLTs standard and safe operating procedures in the previous letter of 4 January, we have followed all suggestions by precisely drawing responsibilities for staff in the company safety. The report involves additional data in the attached diagrams (excluded here to keep space) along with manuals which are available at every site. These guidebooks have been successfully circulated to our employees; additionally,   manuals are posted on every department news board. According to the instructions, our LLT hired a New York Translation Services company which translated our manuals into all languages spoken at the firm. Further, LLTs managers are currently developing a detailed plan to guarantee constant updates to companys manuals. LLTs procedures involve the following: The Modeling Manager is responsible for an appropriate closing of the companys equipment before the shift ends. The Packaging Manager is responsible for minders in addition to packaging equipment located in his/her department. Therefore, LLTs packaging manager should supervise the employees operating corporate machinery in addition to packaging equipment standing in front of the unit. In case of emergency, the packaging manager should direct all packaging specialists out of the companys building through the leading emergency or central office, depending on the type and location of the problem. The Production Supervisor in LLT is responsible for all intersection between the packaging and modeling departments. For that reason, he/she assures that all work areas do not have disorders and are free of dangerous goods. LLTs Quality Control Manager has a duty to control the traffic at the main entrance of companys cafeteria hallway during the shift. In the process, he/she will control crowd running at the same time keep the staff from going the wrong way. During the following two shifts, LLTs Shift Manager is always responsible for covering the area. LLTs forklift operator is responsible for immediate inspection of possible damages or visible deviations of forklift truck in each supply room. LLTs shift manager is responsible for guaranteeing that all employees left the main building through the emergency hallway. We hope the detailed list of procedures is sufficient since the company seeks the highest safety for the personnel. In case you have any valuable suggestions or additional questions, please call us at 111-222-3333, ext. 100. We look forward the following inspection in summer. Cordially, Signature_______ Executive Director, LLT corp.

Effect of 9/11/01 on Aviation Essay - 1049 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;September 11, 2001 is a day that will forever live in infamy inside the hearts and minds of American citizens. On that morning, the world saw live the destruction and devastation that terrorism can deliver right to our own backyard. Shocking images of the whole tragedy can still be seen on television even now, a whole six months later, yet even now it still seems unimaginable. As most Americans know, the Federal Government has implemented a huge amount of change to our foreign and domestic policies as a result of 9/11. The most noticeable of these in our everyday lives can be seen in our nation’s airports. Huge amounts of money and resources have been spent to help make sure that such a travesty will never†¦show more content†¦It is at this point, after the passengers have had themselves and their property searched twice (at the ticket counter and security checkpoint), do they again become subject to hand wands, pat downs, and bag searches. On ly after all of these procedures have been completed is the passenger allowed to board the aircraft. Although all the checks that passengers go through may be tedious, they are not much compared to the increased workloads endured by airport employees after the terrorist attacks. This leads me to my personal explanation of how 9/11 has affected my life at work. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Being a checkpoint supervisor before and after the attacks, I have seen first hand what changes have been brought to civil aviation. In the months following September, the workload at my checkpoint has increased so drastically that three extra workers have been hired for each shift just to compensate for the extra load. The rise in labor is obviously not due to more passenger flow, but to the strict policy changes brought about by the FAA. It would not be so hard on employees if the aviation administration would stop changing guidelines and directives so much. I find it very hard to adjust perfectly to each new ten-page directive every time one is issued and I constantly find myself in a struggle between my supervisors and the screeners I am in charge of.Show MoreRelatedThe Airplane Has Changed The Course Of The Western World Forever888 Words   |  4 PagesJoshua Poirrier Mrs. Elliott English III 9 May 2017 The Airplane Effect Orville Wright once said, â€Å"The airplane stays up because it doesn’t have the time to fall.† The ingenuity of the Wright brothers’ airplane design has changed the course of the Western world forever. The invention of the aircraft positively affected American society by providing a quicker way of traveling, having an influence on warfare, and implementing a better economy in the United States. When the aeroplane was assembledRead MoreEssay on Airline Portfolio: Delta Air Lines Analysis 1421 Words   |  6 Pagesoffered flights all over the U.S. and it was at this time that the Delta logo was changed to the red, white, and blue widget that we know today (although today the logo is solid red in color). By 1980, major changes and advances in all of civil aviation had truly blossomed into fruition with the advent of computers, larger more sophisticated aircraft such as the Boeing 747, and the passing of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. Delta merged with Northeast Airlines, began flying routes from AtlantaRead MoreSecurity in a Post September 11th World Essay2278 Words   |  10 PagesThe terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, have greatly changed security policies in the United States. September 11, 2001, is an infamous day that has changed the United States in numerous aspects. After this infamous day, many people live with the fear of experiencing another major attack. After the attacks the national Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was created. One task given to the 9/11 Commission was to provide recommendations designedRead MoreMass Surveillance and Its Role in Promoting National Security1148 Words   |  5 Pagesr eally be used as evidence in a case against mass surveillance? Not particularly. The Amendment, which outlines the privacy of the person and possessions, states that â€Å"[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized†Read MoreReport On Security At Airports1688 Words   |  7 Pagesairports security 5 II. Airport Security Regulations 6 2.1 Hold luggage 6 2.2 Hand baggage 6 2.3 Liquids 6 2.4 Large electrical items 6 2.5 Medicines and baby food 6 2.6 Banned items 6 III. Total Airport Security System (TASS) 7 Conclusions 8 References 9 Appendix 10 â€Æ' Introduction The number of people using aircrafts is increasing every year. People want to travel by air from various reasons. Some of them fly on holiday, another are visiting family, the others are flying from business reasons. ThereRead MoreA Report On Security At Airports1664 Words   |  7 Pagesairports security 5 II. Airport Security Regulations 6 2.1 Hold luggage 6 2.2 Hand baggage 6 2.3 Liquids 6 2.4 Large electrical items 6 2.5 Medicines and baby food 6 2.6 Banned items 6 III. Total Airport Security System (TASS) 7 Conclusions 8 References 9 Appendix 10 â€Æ' Introduction The number of people using aircrafts is increasing every year. People want to travel by air from various reasons. Some of them fly on holiday, another are visiting family, the others are flying from business reasons. ThereRead More9/11 Conspiracy Theories Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction On September 11, 2001 the World Trade Center buildings one and two were attacked. However, who we were attacked by and even if we were attacked is a hard decision to make. There have been many different claims about how everything on that fateful day happened. There are facts that we know are true, though; Flight 11 flew into the North Tower at eight forty- six in the morning. Soon after, Flight 175 attacked the South Tower. By the end of the day, both towers had collapsed and otherRead MoreNotes On Indian Aviation And Airlines3190 Words   |  13 PagesEconomic Impact of Operation Restrictions 9 5.1 Air Traffic 9 5.2 Demand 9 5.3 Capacity of the Aeronautical Infrastructure 10 5.4 Staff Adjustments 11 5.5 Airlines route planning 11 5.6 Employment generated off the airport site 11 5.7 Aeronautical and non-aeronautical revenue 11 6 Economic Impacts on Indian Aviation and Airlines due to Night Flight Operation Restrictions 12 6.1 Restriction on Night Operations of Chapter 2 Aircraft: 13 7 Appendix 15 8 Conclusion 16 9 References 17 List of Figures FigureRead MoreEssay about U.K. Public Transport Living Up to Expectations1662 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ pg 4 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ pg 5 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.. pg 8 List of reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦ pg 9 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... pg 10 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ pg 11 Introduction This Literature review will be focusing on the key issues regarding the living expectations of UK transport. I will be discussing the main areas where UK transportRead MorePest Analysis (Air Asia)1774 Words   |  8 Pagesanalysis relates with competing technology development with other competitors and effective information and communication between the market and the company. Political Analysis Political Analysis mainly states about the aviation acts and regulation which needed by aviation company such as Air Asia to operate their business. The political arena has a huge influence upon the regulation of businesses, and the spending power of consumers and other businesses. Political stability is inessential to

Literature and Life Free Essays

The magic of reading is that it brings you to another place and feeling. At times it can make you smile with character, and other times make you cry with him. Sometimes it may even allow the reader to identify with the characters. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature and Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reality can often be a lot like a piece of literature, in that a person may be going through the exact same thing, or something similar, and be feeling the same way. It is effortless to view the tough and unspoken racism demonstrated in Nadine Gordimer’s â€Å"Country Lovers† as well as how the girl feels in Patricia Smith’s What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl (For Those of You Who Aren’t). In both readings you get a sense of the hardship the characters faced because of racism, the things that people may do or allow to happen because it is so hard. Racism is something that we see, hear about, and maybe even experience in our everyday lives. It may be something that we do not speak about, just like in the short story â€Å"Country Lovers. â€Å" The main characters Paul us and Thebedi were raised together since they were kids, Paulus was a white boy and Thebedi, a black girl. They played together and spent most of their childhood days with one another. As time goes by and they begin to grow up and the distance between the two also grow apart. However, the bond created between them as children is still there. Both Paulus’ and Thebedi’s parents never forbad them from seeing each other but there was always this unspoken knowledge that they knew it was wrong because they always seemed to be hiding the fact that they did spend time together. An example of this would be when Paulus came home from school and brought Thebedi a gift â€Å"She told her father the missus had given them to her as a reward for some works she had done-it was true she sometimes was called to help out in the farmhouse. She told the girls in the kraal that she had a sweetheart nobody knew about† (Clugston, 2010). Both Paulus and Thebedi know that it is not okay to hold on to the relationship they had as kids. But they cannot help the feelings that have grown for each other over the years. â€Å"The schoolgirls he went swimming with at dams or pools on neighboring farms wore bikinis but the sight of their dazzling bellies and thighs in the sunlight had never made him feel what he felt now when the girl came up the bank and sat beside him, the drops of water beading off her dark legs the only points of life in the earth-smelling deep shade. They were not afraid of one other; they had known one other always† (Clugston, 2010). They had strong feelings for one another and consummated them by having sexual relations. This went on for a while, and eventually Thebedi became pregnant. At this point her hand was asked for in marriage by Njabulo, since they had already had sexual relations her now husband did not question her being pregnant. â€Å"The infant was very light and did not quickly grow dark as most African babies do. Already at birth, there was on its head a quantity of straight, fine floss† (Clugston, 2010). When Paulus found out that Thebedi had a baby, and that it was his, he didn’t want anyone to find out. â€Å"Don’t take it out. Stay inside. Can’t you take it away somewhere? You must give it to someone—† (Clugston, 2010). Because in the time period interracial relationships were looked down upon, and were unacceptable, Paulus felt like he had to do something before anyone found out the baby was his. When Paulus came to see the baby the next time Thebedi stayed outside as he killed their baby. The authorities came because they had heard there was a white looking child that was killed and brought charges against Paulus. There was not enough evidence to convict but the fact of the matter is that he killed his child and Thebedi did nothing to stop it. Thebedi could have prevented the baby’s death but seems to feel powerless against Paulus. I believe there is also a part of her that feels this way is better for everyone, this way they don’t have to deal with the reality of their baby and how socially unacceptable it is. At the same time, I can’t imagine it being easy knowing her baby, with the man she had extreme feelings for, is now dead and he is the one responsible. I believe even women today sometimes feel powerless against their men. I don’t think it would be taken to the extent of killing a child, but some men dictate the relationship and how things should be. Even though interracial relationships are more socially acceptable nowadays, it is still difficult sometimes for people of different races to be together. Another instance of racism is shown in the poem What It’s Like To Be a Black Girl (For Those of You Who Aren’t) by Patricia Smith. Although this one is shown in a different way. In the poem the author describes what a girl has to do to be acceptable in the world as a black girl. â€Å"Its dropping food coloring in your eyes to make them blue and Suffering their burn in silenceâ€Å" (Clugston, 2010). Because she is a black girl and in certain periods in time white people seemed to reigned supreme she tried to make herself look more socially acceptable, even at the cost of injuring herself. This poem shows the girl desiring to be white and to fit in to that life, where she an walk around without being judged and looked down upon. It’s popping a bleached white mophead over the kinks of your hair and primping in front of mirrors that deny your reflection† (Clugston, 2010). Just another example of putting yourself through pain to feel more accepted and not even wanting to see yourself the way you are because you feel ashamed. At the end of the poem, the young girl seems to feel more accepting of the fact she is black, even though she does not feel it is any easier at that point. â€Å"it’s flame and fists and life according to Motown† (Clugston, 2010). She has accepted that her life is following the way of her culture. It is not easy though and she must keep her guard, and her fists up. The poem, to me shows the struggles of a young girl because of societies view of people. It makes her life harder than it should be because of peoples ignorance about race and what everyone should be like. Racism is ugly and sometimes makes people feel like they need to change themselves to be accepted. The girl was trying to lead a different life, one in which she was not judged and everyone would accept her. In both of these readings the authors showed the struggles people face because of racism. There are many different ways racism affects people’s lives, in the first story â€Å"Country Lovers† it was in a horrible way where an innocent child was murdered so no one would find out the love two people shared because it was socially unacceptable for the time. In The poem by Patricia Smith, the girl also injured herself to make herself acceptable. Both of these stories show the horrible things people do because of racism. It is not fair that an innocent child, who never knew any better had to die or that a young girl must physically hurt herself to change in order for things to be okay. There are times where life imitates literature, maybe the author used real experiences of people or situations that have happened or what they believe can happen. I am sure that when racism was extremely prevalent people did try to change themselves, all while hurting themselves or others. Nowadays racism is still around, maybe not to the degree of what the readings spoke about but t is definitely here and horrible things happen because of it. Things such s hate crimes and murder, as well as people having procedures to change their appearance. I am sure we will see these things until the day everyone accepts each other the way they are. How to cite Literature and Life, Essays

Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. Answer: Introduction: Ansoff matrix is one of the most popular business tools used by the business organizations. This tool is mainly used by the business organizations in order to identify different possible alternatives for future growth. According to this matrix, there are mainly four options available for the business organizations to enhance their future growth. The first element is the market development (Hussain et al. 2013). This strategy refers to the concept of entering in new market with the existing products or services portfolio. Thus, the market size for the organization will get increased for their existing offerings. The next element is the market penetration. According to this strategy, business organizations can further penetrate in their existing market with their existing offerings. Thus, the cost of developing business will be lower in this case. Penetrating in the existing market with the existing offerings can be initiated by offering same products in different variants, type and di fferent price levels. The next element is the product development. According to this strategy, organizations can develop new products or services for their existing markets in order to increase the different customer segments. The more will be the product development, the larger will be the target customer segment in the existing market. The last element is diversification. This is the most radical strategy in the Ansoff matrix. According to this strategy, business organizations can enter in new business line by offering different services and products in new countries. This strategy will also be the most expensive and risky strategies among all the elements of Ansoff matrix. Top education institute is the one of the leading educational institutes in Australia. They offer learning streams in law and management. Anosff matrix can be applicable in their business operation (www.top.edu.au 2018). According to the first element of the matrix, they can have more branches across Australia and in some other countries along with offering law and management streams. This will help them to have more students for their existing market and will increase their market. Initiation of the product development strategy will enable them to offer learning streams other than the law and management in the Australian market. This will help them to have more diverse students in their existing market by developing new services. With the help of the market penetration strategy, Top education institute can have different fast track and crash courses that can be offered in lower fees. This will enable them to have more market penetration by targeting customers across every income lev el. Initiation of the market diversification strategy will enable them to have more scattered business risks. They can initiate schools and medical institutes in different regions. This will reduce their dependency on education institute. Thus, Ansoff matrix can help them in having different probable strategies for their future sustainability. Porter generic strategies Porter generic strategies are used by the business organizations in order to generate competitive advantages in their business operation. According to this theory, there are three main strategies that can be used by the business operation in order to have competitive advantages in the market (Tanwar 2013). One of the major strategies is the cost leadership. According to this strategy, cost leadership will help the business organizations to have more profitability in their business operation along with having the ability to offer their offerings in lower costs. The next strategy is the differentiation strategy. According to this strategy, it is important for the business organizations to have distinctive business and marketing approach in order to have more attractiveness in the market. The last strategy is the market focus, which refers to the niche marketing strategy. Estia health care is the leading aged health care service providers in the Australian region (Estia Health 2018). They specialize and expertise in providing health and personal care for the aged people. However, with the increase in competition, they are having the need of gaining competitive advantages in order to stay ahead. In this case, porter generic strategies will help them to gain the competitive advantages. Initiation of the cost leadership strategy will help them to offer their services in lowest price in the market. This also enables them to design their internal business approach in accordance to the cost leadership strategy. This will also help them in reducing their cost of operation in order to have cost leadership in the market. Estia health care already offers services in different price levels including the lower range segments. Thus, it is helping them to stay ahead from their competitors. Initiation of the differentiation strategy will help Estia health care to have distinctive approach in the market. This strategy helps them to determine the strengths of their competitors and design their business approaches accordingly. As per the reports, Estia offer more diverse services compared to their competitors including enhanced wellbeing and lifestyle and customized services. This helps them to have added preferences among their target customers maintaining differentiated brand image in the market. The last strategy of market focus also helps them in meeting the requirement of their target customers effectively. The target customers for Estia health care are the older aged people who can afford luxurious health and personal care services. Thus, focusing only on this target market enables Estia health care to have their business approach according to the need and preferences of the target customers. This enhances the added level of satisfaction among the target customers. Blue ocean strategy Blue ocean strategy refers to the importance for the contemporary business organizations in having effective strategic moves to create unlimited possibilities in the market (Rebon et al. 2015). This is important in the current business scenario due to the reason that competition is higher in the present and major business organizations have to operate in lower profitability. On the other hand, with the initiation of the blue ocean strategy, organizations can open up new business potentialities with having no or few competition by the means of new innovating ideas. This strategy is mainly used by the business organizations in order to have new potential market opportunities to cater to untapped and new markets. Think child care is the leading child care centers in Australia (Thinkchildcare.com.au 2018). However, currently they are operating in the red ocean market due to the fact that there are number of child care centers in Australia. Thus, initiation of the blue ocean strategy will help them to identify the new business opportunities in relation to their existing business. For instance, think childcare centre can have online support systems apart from their existing system. According to the criterion of blue ocean strategy, the business approach of the organizations should have unique and distinctive practices in place. Thus, in the case of the Think child care centre, initiation of the online support system will be one of a kind service in the market and it will help them to have a completely new potential market. Thus, initiation of the blue ocean strategy helps the business organizations to identify the potential market opportunities where still there is no competition will get emerged. Blue ocean strategy also lays the way for initiating innovation in the organization. The more will be the innovative approaches, the more will be the effectiveness of the blue ocean strategy. Reference Estia Health. (2018).www.estiahealth.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.estiahealth.com.au/who-is-estia-health/about-us [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Hussain, S., Khattak, J., Rizwan, A. and Latif, M.A., 2013. ANSOFF matrix, environment, and growth-an interactive triangle.Management and Administrative Sciences Review,2(2), pp.196-206. Rebn, F., Ocariz, G., Gerrikagoitia, J.K. and Alzua-Sorzabal, A., 2015. Discovering insights within a blue ocean based on business intelligence.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,175, pp.66-74. Tanwar, R., 2013. Porters generic competitive strategies.Journal of business and management,15(1), pp.11-17. Thinkchildcare.com.au. (2018).www.thinkchildcare.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.thinkchildcare.com.au/about [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. www.top.edu.au. (2018).www.top.edu.au. [online] Available at: https://www.top.edu.au/about-us. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences – MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about the Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. Answer: Introduction: Building an e-commerce presence E-commerce is considered as the most important tool that is generally utilized by the business organizations in order to improve both the business as well as market value of the organizations. For example, the wall street journal is generally preferred in order to analyze the value of E-commerce within the competitive market place. The business organizations identify various segments of market and have identified two different marketing models, which creates impact on the processes of the business. The models helps in identifying important as well as effective segment that is both introduced as well as involved with the measures of E-commerce in order to manage various competitive measures. It is analyzed that the targeted audiences are generally attracted with the help of various functional demographics, purchasing patterns, life style as well as advertisement concern from each of the individual within the proper competitive websites. Both the functional areas as well as demographic s are generally helpful in classifying the various sections of the marketplace. Business organizations mainly involve in identifying the various target markets and they mainly focus in context to identification of SWOT measures as well as on proper timeline that is related with the milestone. It is analyzed that there are generally sections that needs various types of functional investments blocks for constructing the E-commerce site. This sections generally include Web start up building ($250000 to $50000), website building (up to $5000) as well as site building procedure for large corporate. It is very much clear that constructing as well as managing the site of E-commerce is considered as one of the most expensive measure for a business organization in context to various function as well as important development areas. The E-commerce application presence is generally evaluated in context to various functional areas within both the social media as well as development of mobile web site with respect to different goals as well as objectives of the organization. The site building procedure generally includes various concepts which helps in reflecting that efficiency measurement in context to software as well as hardware, website efficiency design, proper telecommunication measures as well as different approaches of website. Life cycle of system development is considered generally considered in order to manage both the implementation procedure as well as functionalities of e-commerce website within various organizations. The system designing procedure that is present within the implementation process of e-commerce website generally comprises of two significant cases, which include both the physical designs as well as logical designs. These concepts are generally managed in context to various relations with both the physical as well as functional resources that is generally involved in the procedure of implementing the website. It is analyzed that the last two act ivities for implementing the E-commerce website include designing as well as testing procedure. In order to manage development of e-commerce website, it is identified that there are mainly three types of architecture tiers, which further helps in creating both business values as well as functional assessments. It is identified that there is proper website management tool that is used in creating the e-commerce site effectively. In addition to this, the procedure utilizes both the third party software as well as web server for managing the advance services properly. If the hardware aspect of the site is considered then both the functionality as well as capability is the most important propriety for the organizational heads. On the other hand, for making the presentation of the site better, personalization tools are utilized. Both the functional stages as well as software platforms helps in deciding the accessibility as well as functionality of the site. Portfolio for week 4 Ecommerce payment and security system Security issues is considered one of the significant aspect that is mainly required for managing various significant approach of development of functional elements that are mainly incorporated within the structure of e-commerce site. Additionally, appropriate pressure is created on the implementation as well as development of website with the help of functionalities as well as security measures. It is analyzed that if load on the website enhances then the site become slower that creates problem in operating the website. The various types of security issues are generally introduced with the help of cybercriminals as well as with the help of people who are associated with cyber attacks. The people who help in introducing security risks are basically the persons who utilizes both internet as well as other important technological advancements. The key elements which are useful in raising security threats include client, server as well as communication pipelines. In addition to this, the re are numerous important threats that are present in the environment of the E-commerce which are worms, viruses and more. The most important security threats that can occur during the implementation of E-commerce site are phishing, cyber vandalism, unwanted programs as well as hacking. For example, an Ashley data breach, which is, creates an impact on the various aspects of data breaches as well as functional areas within the business organization. In context to development perspective, various types of issues like sniffing, spam attacks as well as frauds are considered as security issues. Additionally, there are number of important solutions that are mainly helpful in mitigating the issues that are related with functional misplacements in order to manage various types of security threats within both the organization as well as functional projects. The security measures include cryptography, proper implementation plan for proper security channel, and network protection for both cli ents as well as servers. These measures are very much important in resolving the security issues. Public cryptography generally includes key steps that are required for developing important approaches that helpful in managing the architecture of the system properly. Therefore, the various aspects of security issues must be managed properly with respect to important security, ensures. It is analyzed that for managing the development of both the messages as well as functional activities, both the encryption as well as decryption is utilized. It is identified that this types of encryption procedure does not utilize same key for decrypting the texts during the retrieval procedure of the messages. Additionally, proper digital certifications as well as public key infrastructures must be properly managed in context to various security measures that is generally taken into account for securing both the functional data as well as messages, which are involved within the infrastructure network of the business organization. In contrast with this, it is analyzed that the format of PKI are not able to provide proper security measures for insider threats as well as for the employees private keys within the organization. This architecture of the system does not help in providing proper security to the computer as well as individual machines. Portfolio for Week 5 E-commerce business strategies Business model is considered as one of the significant aspect that can be utilized in the system architecture of the business organization. It is identified that the business model generally comprises of various concepts as well as aspects which are very much necessary for managing various functional features as well as strategies of operation in context to the organizational goals as well as objectives. Additionally, one of the business models generally comprises of business plan and it is considered that its results are very much important in order to manage the development of E-commerce site for achieving the goals as well as objectives of the organization effectively. This goals as well as objectives of the organization in context to various colloquial measures are very much important for managing the various importance of the specific application. The business model also comprises of business elements, which are generally the signature steps for attending various functional blo cks of the e-commerce model in context to the various goals as well as objectives. This includes revenue model, organizational development as well as value proposition. Market opportunities are considered as one of the important aspect for the functional model of e-commerce site. It is analyzed that market opportunities can be measured with the help of the market space as well as opportunities from realistic market, which further helps in defining the boundary of expansion. Additionally, it is identified that the environment of competitive business is very much important for understanding the market of competitive environment in order to manage the development of E-commerce website properly as well as effectively in context to various functional objectives as well as goals of the business organization.. E-commerce model of business is mainly concerned about different strategies of marketing for selection procedure like much other organization. The marketing strategy helps in managin g both the functional as well as important approaches as well as objectives of an organization, which are helpful in resolving the problems and also assists in implementing the activities of E-commerce properly within the business organization.. The various types of products as well as promotions are entirely dependent on the interests of the users as well as on the choices, which are generally evolved for improving the compliances of E-commerce. Additionally, the perspective of organizational development is entirely needed in order to manage the E-business model development as well as for managing the various applications of E-commerce within the organization in order to achieve significant objectives as well functional measures. It is analyzed that within the infrastructure of the organization, categorization of e-commerce is incorporated. It assists in managing various types of development of functional blockages as well as various areas of developments. There rae various types o f business model that includes community providers, service providers as well as E-trailer which mainly falls under the B2C business model tat helps in enhancing the overall functionalities of the E-commerce business with respect to various organizational objectives as well as different areas of development. It is analyzed that the applications of E-commerce uses B2B business model which include e-distribution, exchange as well as industrial network. Portfolio for Week 6 E-commerce marketing and advertising E-commerce is considered as one of the important concept that generally helps in managing various technological advancements that need proper participation of the various stakeholders as well as users. Therefore, advertising is considered as one of the important aspect of development of e-commerce applications. In this way, the commercials are considered as a successful formative idea for E-commerce applications. Advertisements are considered as one of the effective concept for making proper decision, which cannot mislead the clients as well as other useful zones of business process. It is analyzed that about 75% of the US subjects have received web advancements for their every day utilizations. Conversely, with these truths, these advertisements are subject to the shopper practices included or consolidated for dealing with the critical goals behind the advancement of E-business applications. Customer conduct is dissected by breaking down the five phases of buyer basic leadership exa mples and procedures. These are requirements, look for assessment of choices, real buy basic leadership procedures and post buying contracts with firms. These viewpoints are expounded and considered for overseeing critical advancement for framework design inside association concerning the practical phases of E-business site building forms. The purchaser basic leadership procedures are overseen and engaged concerning supporting groups required inside the authoritative structure of any considered association. In addition, the online customer conduct is concerned and considered for overseeing shopping encounters and reactions of person that gives advantages to the authoritative points and targets in dealing with the internet business website building forms and utilitarian regions of the association. Offers and noteworthy advertisements about various zones of operations and practical pieces requires inside the advancement zones of any association is mainly created with deference to the shopper decisions and sight of interests. Trust building and other conceivable arrangement distinguishing proof will be dealt as for practical squares of the E-commerce business forms. Conversely, with these truths, the majority of the associations need to fuse new key advancements and utilitarian favorable circumstances over various business forms keeping in mind the end goal to deal with the formative part of authoritative destinations and objectives. There are different apparatuses and useful components that are used for overseeing web promoting and compelling consequences of web advertising forms that outcomes into the advancement of web based business website constructing forms that helps the association in giving powerful measures inside the authoritative structure of any association. Multi channel advertising arrangement is successful in working different useful exercises of versatile promoting and other conceivable answers for individual those are included inside the design improvement of hierarchical brand an incentive concerning their destinations and objectives required inside the association. Portfolio for Week 7 Social, mobile and local marketing It is analyzed that promoting the three Social, mobile and local marketing is vital for dealing with the potential effects and functional zones of advancement of E-business sites and applications. Additionally, the various applications of E-commerce are generally managed with the help of various fundamental aspects of the organization. The introduction of social, local marketing as well as mobile marketing helps in identifying various concepts, which are related with various objectives of the organization. Moreover, the effect of advanced cells and tables are made do concerning social and nearby requests of versatile administrations inside considered promoting fragments and other aggressive commercial centers. Social promoting process incorporates the distinguishing proof of social needs of the online business webpage clients concerning their utilitarian and operational goals. From now on, the most essential and noteworthy players required inside social showcasing patterns and practi cal ranges of this promoting are Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and so on. Furthermore, the social promoting illustration is picked as Facebook that offers the accompanying showcasing devices for dealing with their practical targets: Like catch, Brand pages, versatile advertisements and Facebook trade and so on. Facebook utilizes Facebook page experiences and different examination instruments for measuring the advertising comes about included inside the critical territories of interests. Twitter advertising process incorporates the examination of useful partners and their particular showcasing apparatuses, for example, advanced tweets, advanced patterns and enhancement of tweets and reactions gathered from various surveys and utilitarian reactions of people inside this specific web-based social networking website. In spite of the fact that these social promoting destinations are rolling out noteworthy improvements that bring successful measures inside associations and web based busines s locales, however there are a few inconveniences of the social advertising patterns. These are as per the following: loss of controls. The considered snappy reactions coming through social promoting destinations and web new businesses gives viable and unsafe assaults and measures that offers the associations and informal communication locales impactful circumstances to be trailed by them. Portfolio for week 8 E-commerce retailing as well as services It is analyzed that online retail as wella s services helps in providing proper solutions for managing various procedures of e-commerce business within the organizations. Additionally, retail mobile commerce is expanding various business procedures as well as processes in context to the social media network and with the website of the e-commerce. Importance of developmental aspects includes strategic planning and trending goods, which helps in attracting more number of customers with respect to the different functions as well as choices. It is identified that all the steps are helpful to both the e-commerce website as well as to the organization for adding appropriate value to the brand of the organization in order to achieve goals as well as objectives of the organization. There are mainly seven categories or segments, which are included in the retail industry. Additionally, the main vision of the organization is to minimize the expenses that are required in the processes of busines s. This reductions of expenditure helps in minimizing the entire cost utilization, which is involved within the system architecture of the business organization. It is analyzed that online retail sector are one of the smallest retail industry. Although the involvement of the retail industry helps in managing various architectures of the system as well as various process of organization in order to enhance the brand value of the organization. Additionally 75% of the users of business are generally utilizing the measure in order to accumulate various types of benefits that assists in arranging funds from the competitive target market of the organization. Bibliography Barnes, S. and Hunt, B. eds., 2013.E-commerce and v-business. Routledge. Campbell, D.E., Wells, J.D. and Valacich, J.S., 2013. Breaking the ice in B2C relationships: Understanding pre-adoption e-commerce attraction.Information Systems Research,24(2), pp.219-238. Fang, Y., Qureshi, I., Sun, H., McCole, P., Ramsey, E. and Lim, K.H., 2014. Trust, Satisfaction, and Online Repurchase Intention: The Moderating Role of Perceived Effectiveness of E-Commerce Institutional Mechanisms.Mis Quarterly,38(2), pp.407-427. Gomez-Herrera, E., Martens, B. and Turlea, G., 2014. The drivers and impediments for cross-border e-commerce in the EU.Information Economics and Policy,28, pp.83-96. Hannak, A., Soeller, G., Lazer, D., Mislove, A. and Wilson, C., 2014, November. Measuring price discrimination and steering on e-commerce web sites. InProceedings of the 2014 conference on internet measurement conference(pp. 305-318). ACM. Li, S.S. and Karahanna, E., 2015. Online recommendation systems in a B2C E-commerce context: a review and future directions.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,16(2), p.72. Maity, M. and Dass, M., 2014. Consumer decision-making across modern and traditional channels: E-commerce, m-commerce, in-store.Decision Support Systems,61, pp.34-46. Rahayu, R. and Day, J., 2015. Determinant factors of e-commerce adoption by SMEs in developing country: evidence from Indonesia.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,195, pp.142-150.

Death Of Salesman Essays (598 words) - English-language Films

Death Of Salesman All of the characters in the performance "Death of a Salesman" have special traits that are indicative of their personality and literary purpose in the piece. Each serves a particular purpose and symbolizes distinct goals, functions, or qualities. One by one, the author places every character in a specific location to contrast, or emphasize another character's shortcomings, mistakes, or areas of strength. For example, an author might place the drama's antagonist in many scenes with the protagonist. This not only creates the plot, but also makes the plot easier to understand. In the same way, Bernard, a character in "Death of a Salesman", is placed next to Biff, the protagonist's son. Biff, is lost in a world created by his dazed father, who instills in him a set of false values, and eventually becomes a failure in his early age. In spite of the fact that Bernard admires Biff and believes he is able to help him prosper, Biff is unable to listen. Bernard also interacts with the protagonist himself, again showing the same traits that are indicative of his character. Bernard, who is a successful student and later a successful attorney, is opposite the characteristics Biff is taught makes a man great. Our first example of Bernard's character is his interaction with Biff is in Act I, when the reader infers Bernard is tutoring Biff: "Biff, Listen Biff, I heard Mr.Birnbaum say that if you don't start studyin' math he's gonna flunk you and you won't graduate. I heard him!" These initial statements, spoken by Bernard, are indicative to the reader of how helpful he tries to be to Biff. He is among the only characters with a sense of reality; the only character that tries to help Biff take concrete, analytical steps to helping him succeed. He understands the consequences of Biff's actions, and tries to dissuade his directionless ambition towards a more solid goal. "He's gotta study Uncle Willy. He's got regents next week." "Just because he printed University of Virginia on his sneakers doesn't mean they've got to graduate him, Uncle Willy." Once again, this illustrates Bernard is the one of the only characters in tune with reality. He cares for Biff and wants to see him graduate. This is why he is constantly pushing Biff to complete his work. As Bernard matures, he continues his modest, responsible attitude towards life. The protagonist himself is confronted with Bernard's character, and comes to terms with the sudden insight his son is no where near as well off as Bernard, even though they were initially given the same opportunities. Now, the reader infers Bernard is an attorney: "Oh, just a case I've got there, [Washington] Willy." When Bernard describes his Supreme Court case as "just a case", the reader sees how admirably modest he is. He has become a great man, as inferred from his lines, without being well liked or extremely handsome. He is a developed gentleman,which the protagonists admires, and confides in Bernard asking him where did his son miscarry. "But sometimes, Willy, it's better for a man just to walk away." In this last line of advice, given by an adult Bernard to Willy, the protagonist, the reader sees his basic foundation of caring for another person is not destroyed: he still means for the best in what he does and says. He is concerned for the needs of both the protagonist and his son, and proves this by telling Willy to continue with his life and let his son find his own path. In conclusion, the character traits of the players in "Death of a Salesman are evident. It is also apparent that they are placed juxtapositionally with each other to highlight the other's features. The characters' indicative qualities are what makes animates the plot, and makes for a vibrant literary piece.

Using Instructional Materials to Sustain Pss2 Secretarial Students’ Interest in Office Practice Subject at Joy Professional Academy, Kumasi Essays

Using Instructional Materials to Sustain Pss2 Secretarial Students’ Interest in Office Practice Subject at Joy Professional Academy, Kumasi Essays Using Instructional Materials to Sustain Pss2 Secretarial Students’ Interest in Office Practice Subject at Joy Professional Academy, Kumasi Essay Using Instructional Materials to Sustain Pss2 Secretarial Students’ Interest in Office Practice Subject at Joy Professional Academy, Kumasi Essay Background to the Study A teaching method may be described as the standard procedure in the presentation of instructional materials and the content of activities. It is the way and manner in which the teacher presents his/her lesson to enable his/her students acquire knowledge in the subject under consideration. Any teaching method a teacher uses has advantages, disadvantages, and requires some preliminary preparation. Often times, a particular teaching method will naturally flow into another, all within the same lesson, and the excellent teacher can develop the skills to make the process faultless to their students. The classification of a teaching method as being right for a particular lesson depends on many factors such as, the age and developmental level of the students,  their experiences, interests and goals, what they already know, and what they need to know to succeed with the lesson, the subject-matter content, the objective of the lesson,  the available number of students, time, space and material resources, and the physical setting. However, another, more difficult problem is to select an instructional method that best  fits ones particular teaching style and the lesson-situation. There is no one right method for teaching a particular lesson, but there are some criteria that pertain to each lesson that can help a teacher make the best decision possible. Individuals learn in different ways. According to Dale (1996) from the www. dol. gov website, a person remembers 10% of what they read, 20% of what they heard, 30% of what they seen and 50% of what is seen and heard. The percentage increases for those fortunate enough to read, hear, see and do things in actual or practical experiences. A teacher has many options when choosing a style to teach by. The teacher may write lesson plans of their own, borrow plans from other teachers, or search online or within books for lesson plans. Teachers know that students learn in different ways. Students take in information and demonstrations of knowledge differently too. Teachers use multiple means of knowledge to help students learn and strengthen understanding. Teachers use a variety of strategies and methods to ensure that all students have equal opportunities to learn. Teaching methods vary as to the conditions they can create and different types of learning objectives require different conditions for achievement, the choice of teaching methods should therefore be based primarily on the type of learning objective. First, a single teaching method typically cannot create all the conditions necessary for a given learning objective. Second, learning objectives involving complex skills require teaching methods that promote active learning on the part of students, while learning objectives involving simpler skills can be achieved with more passive teaching methods. However, most teachers of Accounting have been using the lecture method to teach students various concepts and materials in accounting. Students thus become passive learners as they only become receptors of knowledge and are allowed very limited participation in the lessons. This has been one of the contributory factors of a significant number of students failing or performing abysmally in the Accounting paper. This method also suppresses the thinking abilities of the students and affects their abilities to analyse and work problems accurately. Meanwhile, a lot of teaching methods abound and so the researcher would like to find out if the participatory method of teaching can help improve students understanding of the Double Entry Principle in accounting. Statement of the Problem Although there is a growing emphasis on accounting education and a growing awareness for students to acquire greater knowledge of the concepts in accounting, most teachers who teach the subject mostly use the lecture method in the delivery of lessons. Students thus do rote learning and find it very difficult to analyse and solve most problems in accounting. The aim f the researcher therefore, is to attempt to use the participatory method to assist students in their efforts to acquire more knowledge and improve their understanding of the complex nature of the Double Entry Principle. Objective(s) of the Study The specific objective of the study is to use participatory method in teaching the double entry principle in accounting. Purpose of the Study Th e purpose of the study is to find out whether the participatory method of teaching can help to improve Post Secondary School (PSS) 1 students at Joy Professional Academy understanding of the Double Entry Principle in Accounting. Research Questions The following research questions were used for the study (1) How can the participatory method of teaching improve students’ understanding of the Double Entry Principle in Accounting? (2) Is the participatory method of teaching the best for teaching the Double Entry Principle in accounting? Significance of the Study The significance of the study are as follows: (i) This action research would help teachers teach double entry principles to improve upon the learning of accounting to PSS1 students at Joy Professional Academy, Kumasi by using participatory based method. ii) It would help teachers strive to improve their teaching methods in accounting. (iii) It would help increase the students’ level of learning and understanding. When there is an emphasis on teaching for meaning, there is student’s greater retention and an increased likelihood that the ideas will be used in new situations. (iv) It would serve as literature for review in further studi es. Delimitations of the Study Due to time and material constraints, the study is limited to the Post Secondary School (PSS) 1 class at Joy professional Academy, Kumasi. Only the members in this class were used for the study. Organisation of the Study This study is divided into six chapters. Chapter one is the introduction. It looks at the background of the study, the statement of the problem, the purpose of the study and significance of the study. It also briefly looks at the research questions and delimitations of the study. Chapter two is the literature review. Literature is reviewed according to the research questions. Chapter three presents the methodology used for this study. It also looks at the research design. It explains the population, sample and sampling procedure and the instruments used in collecting data for the study. It also discusses how data was collected and analysed. Chapter four presents the intervention design and implementation of the problem identified Chapter five presents the results of the study. It also analyses the results of the study. Chapter six presents the summary, conclusions and recommendations of the study. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction This chapter is the review of literature. It presents the literature according to the research questions. In presenting the literature review, the researcher would like to give a brief detail about the Double entry Principle In accountancy, the double-entry bookkeeping (or double-entry accounting) system is the basis of the standard system used by businesses and other organisations to record financial transactions. Its premise is that a businesss (or other organisations) financial condition and results of operations are best recorded in accounts. Each account maintains a history of changes in monetary values about a particular aspect of the business. This system is called double-entry because each transaction is recorded in at least two accounts. Each transaction results in at least one account being debited and at least one account being credited, with the total debits of the transaction equal to the total credits. This requirement has a benefit to the bookkeeper, because the accuracy of the accounts can be checked quickly for, when all the accounts that have debit balance are summed, they should equal the sum of all the accounts which have a credit balance. Without this requirement, there would be no quick means to check accuracy. The double entry system is the base or fabric for a full fledged financial accounting information system. Financial accounting information system comprises all the documents, records and evidence of financial transactions between the business, its employees and the outside world. Advantages of double entry principles i. Entry for every transaction is made twice, one on the debit side and the other at the credit side. This provides an automatic check on the correctness of the records. If cash is misappropriated, other things being equal, it would be revealed by the accounts ii. A picture of the company’s financial obligations and the resources to meet them is always in focus. iii. All transactions are suitably divided into a personal and in personal group. iv. A double entry system facilitates the setting out of the financial position of the business at any moment in time. v. The double entry system helps the business to associate each person or business with the area of operation to which he is connected with the business and the amount due on such operation. Disadvantages of double entry principles i. It is time consuming and expensive since every transaction should be recorded at least twice ii. It is complicated; it is not easy for a layman to understand and interpret an account, e. g. edger accounts and cashbook. iii. Single entry system avails itself to everyone who can read and write to keep his own records of his transactions. Double entry can be properly done only by an expert. iv. The double entry system gives an unreliable assurance that if the trial balance and the balance sheet agree at the two sides then some accuracy prevails in the recording pr ocess. Using the participatory method of teaching to improve students’ understanding of the Double Entry Principle in Accounting The quality of education depends, to a large extent, on the quality of teachers involved in its development and delivery. A quality teacher will acknowledge the needs and interests of the pupil, permit the pupil to learn at his/her own pace, encourage learning through doing and where necessary provide remedial and enrichment instruction among others. The methods and techniques used by the teacher will help their students realise the understanding of any topic. Jones (1987) in Andersson Bendix (2006) states that participatory teaching methods are â€Å"those which draw the student into the classroom learning process. † A good learning experience can be borne out of the interaction between the participants freely exchanging their knowledge and ideas. Participatory teaching methods can increase both the teachers’ and students’ motivation, as the awareness of what is going on in the classroom increases through interaction. According to Jones (1987) participatory teaching methods include, for example, brainstorming to create ideas spontaneously, directed dialogues as examples of problem solving, small group discussions for preparing food for thought for the whole group, role playing as a stimulation, games as thematized interaction, panel discussions for airing ideas, debates for learning argumentation, and Socratic dialogues as a way to explore the theme further. Scharff and Brown (2004) add learning communities to participatory teaching methods as a way to integrate together students with heterogeneous backgrounds. In theory of situated learning both learners and teachers are considered to form a community of practice together (Wenger, 1998). Similar to apprenticeship, the learner participates in the community, first to learn legitimate ways to communicate within it, and gradually to participate as a full-fledged member in transferring knowledge and skills. The situated learning approach enlightens us on the idea that learning is a two-way process of interaction. The way and manner a teacher would deliver his/her content to his/her students would be informed by the kind of teaching method he/she is using at the particular point in time. Factors like the size of the class, the objectives of the lesson, the time allocated for the lesson, the nature of the topic being treated and its content, among others would help the teacher to know which teaching method to use (Baffour-Awuah, 1992). Perrott (1988) commented on teachers’ characteristics that promote teaching and learning as follows: teachers should be enthusiastic, businesslike and task oriented. She said further that teachers should be clear when presenting instructional content. She added that teachers should also use a variety of instructional materials and procedures and should provide opportunities for students to learn the instructional content. Farrant (1982) said that to promote effective teaching and learning in schools, the teachers should be knowledgeable or qualified and be able to adopt the appropriate instructional methods to bring about desired objectives. The best teaching method for presenting the Double Entry Principle in Accounting According to Baffour-Awuah (1992), there is nothing like the best teaching method for teaching one or all topics in any subject. It needs a combination of two or more methods for one to teach effectively. Francoise et al (1995) suggested that instructional choice can improve comprehension and memory of concepts and procedures while affording students an opportunity to develop their thinking skills, principles and concept demanded by the accounting students. Cooper and Mucks (1989) described group learning as a structural systematic instructional strategy in which small groups work together towards a common goal. When establishing a basis for constructing an appropriate response to the afore-mentioned description, it is important for an instructor to use group learning in the teaching and learning of accounting. Feldman and Dow (1997) supported the idea that group activities that enhance students’ communication and interaction encourages more active learning environment. Larson (1990) revealed that the educational philosophy behind the development of accounting is that learning occurs most effective when students are actively involved. He said the goal is for students to use much of their study time as possible in active behaviour such as answering questions and solving problems. The above statements suggest that to promote effective teaching and learning in school, teachers should involve students actively in lessons especially concerning problem solving and workings on class exercises. Tamakloe et al (1996) said that it is important to note that the rate of learning of the average student is not the same as that of the very fast learner, or the one who learns at a slow pace. They said this calls for the recognition of the potent role which individual differences play in the learning process. They have suggested that programmes of learning should be designed to cater for individual dispositions so that each student can learn at his own pace. Teachers, of course, aim at the best possible product, such as students passing their exams and getting a degree. Students, nowadays, are both customers and users of teaching. The students know their own rights, and capabilities or limitations, and the value of this should be put in to use in getting the students involved during the teaching/learning process (Vuokko and Berg, 2007). According to Andersson and Bendix (2006) in university traditions, students are usually approached as teaching subjects. Smith (1999) disclosed that good relationship between students and instructors and the establishment of conducive environment in the classroom have the tendency of improving students’ performance in accounting for the objectives to be achieved. This framework recognizes the need to first establish the learning objective and the material needed to accomplish the objectives. Brunner and Piaget (1993) who advocated for learning by discovery believed that students learn best when they have the opportunity to discover for themselves what they do not know. Hence, concrete learning should precede abstract learning. Farrant (1982) stressed that motivational methods can bring about desired objectives. He therefore mentions motivational techniques such as awarding arks and praise, and giving special gifts like books and sweets, doing practice and repetition and individualised learning are important in promoting effective learning. Ehiametalor (1990) suggested that to improve upon the performance of the students, the presentation of accounting information should be followed by assignments. Moore (1989) maintained that teachers should be enthusiastic in their teaching, because enthusiastic teachers produce higher academic achievers all things being equal. Whitehead (1991) suggested that to improve the ability of students in schools, students should concentrate on areas in which they are least competent. He said the competencies required of the accounting students are the ability to master the processes involved which include the ability to explain concepts. Davidson (1994) charged all stakeholders in education to lay a strong foundation in education to enable students do well in school. Borich (1988) also suggested that the teacher could concentrate on the middle level or average students while giving individual attention to the weak students. He recommended that the above average students could be encouraged to work ahead of their colleagues. Finally, accounting students need to apply accounting principles and concepts in tackling accounting questions. Johnstone and Biggs (1998) mention problem-based learning, identification of problem-solving skills, critical thinking skills and case method as ways to develop accounting studies. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Introduction This chapter presents the methodology used for the study. It also looks at the research design. It explains the population, sample and sampling rocedure and the instruments used in collecting data for the study. It discusses how data was collected and analysed. Research Design The research design used for the study was the evaluative study. This method sought to make judgement about the effectiveness and relevance of the participatory method of teaching in Accounting. Population The population was made up of students of the PSS 1 Accounting Class and teacher s in the school who taught Accounting. This population was chosen because they would be able to provide the researcher with the relevant data needed for analysis. Sample and Sampling Procedure The sample for the study was made up of twenty five students drawn from the PSS1 Accounting Class. The simple random sampling method which is a probability sample in which each population element has a known and equal chance of being included in the sample was used to select the respondents. It also helped the researcher to identify and enumerate the finite population. Instruments The researcher used questionnaires, interviews and observations as its key instruments in the study. Questionnaires Questionnaire was used to obtain information from a number of the students and teachers who were sampled for the study. The items in the questionnaires were written in a clear language to enable respondents understand and answer the questions objectively as possible. The choice of the questionnaire for the study was that the researcher did her internship in the school in which the research took place and so the identification of the population for the study was not difficult. The only weakness was that it some of the respondents did not return their questionnaire for the analysis of data. Interview schedules Students and teachers’ views on the double entry principle in accounting were sought. The interview sought to find out students perception, interest, attitude and their performance in accounting. It also sought to find students views on the various methods employed during the teaching of the subject Observations Personal observations were carried out during the one year internship programme. The purpose was to find out how students behave towards the teaching of accounting and how to improve upon students’ performance in the subject. Again, it was aimed at observing methods and strategies employed during the teaching of accounting. In addition, the researcher also observed the relationship between the teachers and students during accounting lessons. Data Collection Procedures Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. Data was also collected through books, journals, and articles written by specialist in the fields of education mostly especially on teaching methods. Data Analysis In an effort to make the presentation of the findings succinct and comprehensive, the data was organised into tables and the results were analysed using mean mark. The difference in mean mark helped the researcher to make meaningful conclusions for the study. CHAPTER FOUR INTERVENTION DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION Introduction This chapter presents the intervention design and implementation for this study. Intervention Design The following factors are the interventions designed to use the participatory method of teaching to improve students’ understanding of the Double Entry Principle in Accounting. The participatory method of teaching involves teaching methods that involves learners or students in the teaching/learning process. There are a lot of participatory teaching methods but the ones the researcher used were: (i) The Activity Method (ii) The Demonstration Method (iii) The Discussion Method Implementation of the Intervention Designs (i) The Activity Method This is a way of working that allows investigation, experience or study in which the student is allowed to develop and express his own ideas, thoughts and activities. This method is learner-centred in that it lays more emphasis on the active participation of the student with a minimum intervention or interference by the teacher. Implementation of the Activity Method The researcher selected the sub-topic â€Å"Recording transactions in the assets and liabilities accounts† under the Double Entry Principle and all the materials and teaching aids like charts and prepared questions for the group. The researcher prepared the environment (i. e. the classroom) where the lesson was held to facilitate teaching and learning. The researcher gave the exact and clear instructions to the students as to how to go through the lesson. This was done during the introduction of the lesson. The rule or instruction for the double entry concept states that every debit entry in the book of accounts must have a corresponding credit entry and vice versa. The rule for entering transactions into the assets and liability accounts was explained to the students. The rule for entering transactions in the assets accounts states that: (a) to increase an asset, debit the accounts and (b) to decrease an asset, credit the accounts and while the rule for entering transactions in the liability accounts states that: (a) to increase a liability, credit the account and (b) to decrease a liability, debit the account. The students were grouped into five groups with five members in each group for the activities. Each group was given a prepared question and was told to discuss and enter the transaction into the appropriate accounts correctly showing the double entry effect of each transaction. For example, the questions that were given are as follows: a) Kwame started business with cash GH? 400 b) Paid loan from outside party by cash GH? 20 c) Introduced capital deposited into the business bank account GH? 100 d) Purchased stock in trade on one month’s credit for GH? 30 from Ato e) Bought a motor van GH? 0 paying by cheque The researcher moved among the groups to guide and supervise their work. The researcher called the group leader to present the solution of each group on the chalkboard. Students were then asked to give their opinions on each solution that had been presented. They discussed the solutions that had been presented. The researcher was alert to any unexpected situation that occur red in the course of the lesson and gave prompt solutions to them. The researcher concluded the lesson by reviewing it through questioning and also allowed the students to give a verbal summary of what they did. The researcher gave students assignment on the sub-topic to do at home and present it to her for marking the next day. The advantage of the activity was that it makes learning more interesting, enjoyable but not passive and boring to the students. It encourages pupils to be creative, curious, develop initiative and to discover new knowledge. It also helps to reinforce and revise what is being taught. However, its disadvantages are that it is time consuming and also requires a hardworking and resourceful teacher to handle this method effectively. (ii) The Demonstration Method The demonstration involves showing, telling and doing something can be observed by an individual or group of learners. In demonstration, the teacher is the principal performer or demonstrator while the students are his/her audience. It is usually the major part of all the learning activities which facilitate learning by doing. Implementation of the Demonstration Method The researcher gave the sub-topic â€Å"Account† to the students. She introduced the lesson by telling the students the objectives of the demonstration in order to motivate them to participate in the lesson. The researcher gave an overview of the main steps of the demonstration. This was to allow the students have an idea of what was to be learnt. Steps 1. (i) The definition of the term â€Å"account† was written on the chalkboard (ii) The simplest form of the account was given to the students as the ‘T’-account. It has two sides; the left-hand side and the right-hand side. The left-hand side is debit (Dr. ) side and the right-hand side is the credit (Cr. ) side. The title which is centred at the top of the account gives the particular name of account. (iii) The example of the account format was written on the chalkboard for the students to see as: Machine Account Dr. Cr. 2. The students were shown how to record transactions at the appropriate sides of the respective accounts. For example: Kofi Atta’s Account ? ? Loan 500,000 Purchases 2,000,000 The demonstration method assists in making the results of difficult activities readily available and also can be used to verify observations made previously by students. It also helps students to think and apply what they have learnt in a demonstration to new situations. However, the demerits are that it can result in students initiating a practice without understanding its basis. It also requires much planning and preparation by the demonstrator. iii) The Discussion Method This method involves the exchange of ideas, facts and opinions about a topic between individuals or group of students under the guidance of the teacher. The main mode of interaction between the students is by verbal or oral communication. The discussion was done by the whole class. Implementation of the Discussion Method The researcher mentioned the topic to be discussed to the students. The topic that was for the discussion was â€Å"Ledger,† one of the sub-topics under the double entry system. The researcher announced the procedure for conducting the discussion to the students. The researcher then initiated the discussion and guided students to come out with a definition of a â€Å"ledger. † After the definition of a ledger, the researcher asked the students a series of questions to help them out with the features of a ledger. The researcher led the students through questioning to come out with the functions of the ledger. This stage was very interesting as students came out with several functions of the ledger. The researcher ensured that the students talked about the topic and did not deviate from it. The researcher asked leading questions to come out with the classifications of the ledger. Students were able to come out with these ledgers. The researcher wrote all the important points in the course of the discussion on chalkboard for the students to see and understand what is being discussed. The researcher ended the discussion by summarising all the main points, facts and opinions mentioned in the discussion. The researcher asked the students questions to review their understanding. The merits of the discussion method is that it helps students to explore for answers to problems and it also the students to get clearer views on the ideas they express as it clarifies their thinking. CHAPTER FIVE RESULTS OF THE STUDY Introduction This chapter presents the results of the study. It also discusses the results of the study. This study was to find out how the use of the participatory method of teaching could help improve students’ understanding of the double entry principle in accounting. The study reveals the pre and post intervention results when the various intervention strategies were implemented. Table 1: Results of the students with the use of the Activity Method No. of Students Mean Mark Difference in Mean BeforeAfter 255. 087. 041. 96 From Table 1, the mean mark of the students in series of exercises conducted for the students before the use of the activity method was 5. 08. The mean mark of the students after the use of the method was 7. 04. When the two marks are compared, the mean difference between the two scores was 1. 96. This indicated that the use of the activity method had a greater influence on the understanding and performance of the students in the various tasks. Table 2: Results of the students with the use of the Demonstration Method No. of Students Mean Mark Difference in Mean BeforeAfter 2535. 4862. 426. 76 From Table 2, the mean mark of the students in series of exercises conducted for the students before the use of the demonstration method was 35. 48 while the mean mark of the students after the use of the method was 62. 24. The mean difference between the two scores was 26. 76. This indicated that the use of the demonstration method had a greater influence on the understanding and performance of the students in the various tasks. Table 3: Results of the students with the use of the Discussion Method No. of Students Mean Mark Difference in Mean BeforeAfter 2544. 8069. 8425. 4 From Table 3, the mean mark of the students in series of exercises conducted for the students before the use of the discussion method was 44. 80 while the mean mark of the students after the use of the method was 69. 84. The mean difference between the two scores was 25. 04. This indicated that the use of the discussion method had a greater influence on the understanding and performance of the students in the various tasks. Discussion of the Findings The objective of the study was to use the participatory teaching method to enhance students’ understanding of the double entry principle. The mean mark of the students in the assessment tasks before the use of the intervention strategy (activity method) was implemented was very low. This however, had increased by a significant (greater) margin. This meant that the students had showed much improvement and understanding of the topic that they had being taught. The activity method helped the students to be able to undertake the various activities that were presented to them. With respect to table 2, the story was not much different. The students’ mean mark had increased by a margin of 26. 76. This showed that the method used in delivering the lessons to the students was very effective. From table 3, the pre-intervention mean mark of 44. 80 had increased to 69. 84. The discussion method had helped to improve upon the performance of students in using the double entry principle in accounting. The adoption of all the intervention strategies contributed effectively in diverse ways to help achieve the objectives of the study. For instance, student’s response to questions showed that their improved performance in the various forms of assessment indicates that each of the intervention designs played a vital role. CHAPTER SIX REFLECTIONS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction This chapter presents the reflections, conclusion and recommendations for the study. Reflection In reflecting upon this study, the researcher has come out with the following comments. The methods used by the researcher developed in students the spirit of co-operation among the students particularly during the use of the class discussion and the activity teaching methods. It was also revealed that the combination of different teaching methods during the teaching and learning process is a positive step since individual students benefit from different teaching strategies. The researcher identified some peculiar problems students encounter in analysing some concepts in the double entry principle. Students found it difficult, for example, to identify different accounts. The researcher found out that teachers tend to use complex sentences in explaining concepts to students. Most of the teachers did not use simple sentences to explain concepts to the students. The students perceive accounting subject as a very difficult one and so most of them were not punctual to class when it was time for accounting. Again, the lack of up-to-date Accounting textbooks was also a problem. The students used pamphlets and hand-outs that did not treat the very fine details of the subject. Most of the teachers used mostly one teaching method especially, the lecture method. This affected the students’ understanding on most of the topics. They did not involve the students much in the teaching/learning process. Also, the environment in which teaching and learning was not cordial. Students were seen as dull and so the teachers did not accommodate them in the teaching/learning process. Most of the teachers were also not regular in class because of lack of effective supervision by the administrators of the school. Some of the teachers most of the time did not make use of teaching materials in their lessons. They had the impression that the teaching of the topic did not call for teaching and learning materials. Conclusion The following findings were made: It came out the activity, demonstration, and discussion methods helped students to improve upon the learning of double entry principles in accounting and also made them conversant with the accounting policies and concepts. It was also revealed that the students became confident to practise what they had been taught by the teacher with the use of the activity, demonstration, and discussion methods. From the findings, the conclusion drawn is that the use of participatory method assisted students to improve upon their understanding and performance of the double entry principle in accounting. Recommendations It is recommended that: (i) Accounting teachers in the school should be resourceful and use effective instructional methods in teaching in order to improve upon instruction in accounting studies. They use a combination of traditional and contemporary instructional methods in teaching such as co-operative learning, demonstration, discussion and activity based has brought a significant change in the performance of the students. ii) Curriculum developers should also design instructional procedures to serve as a guide for teachers in their use of the suggested syllabus. (iii) Again, the school administrators should organise workshops for the accounting teachers in the school to keep them abreast with current and changing trends in the teaching of accounting. (iv) Teachers should t ry as much as possible to give more exercises to the students. They should also be given more practical work and a lot of homework to help extend students learning time. v) Teachers should use appropriate teaching and learning aids to reinforce the concepts to help enhance students’ interest in the lessons when they are being taught. Suggestion for Future Research In view of the limited area this study covered as a result of time and financial resources constraints, it is suggested that a further research be conducted using a different teaching method to ascertain students understanding in the double entry principle in accounting.

Prostitution and Surrogacy, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Prostitution and Surrogacy, - Essay Example The role of religion in surrogate motherhood is best typified by the biblical scenario where barren Sarah (Abraham wife) arranged for Abraham and Hagar (Surrogate mother) to have a child. The surrogate role Hagar played made her proud and pompous to the extent of refusing to hand over the son she had born. Christian apologetic portend that "surrogacy is a personal decision between a couple and God. That God is the moral Arbiter in the universe, whose justification is exactly differentiated on what is immoral or moral". This factor afore mentioned deals with morality, enshrined in ones religion beliefs. The Vatican has condemned surrogacy including all other non conjugal reproductive arrangements as sinful. The Roman Catholic Church states that, this in defense of cardinal human values; implying the threat on the sanctity of the traditional family unit posed by a third party. The financing of a surrogacy to process is quite costly. However the factor that is debatable is the payment of dues to the gestational individuals. That from the onset one may pay to sleep (and sire a child) with a surrogate bring in the version of prostitution. The motive behind the payment made and accepted questions the ultimate goal. Whether it is for love or money The couple and the surrogate are encouraged to share information, to undergo successive therapies and medical checks. The unsettling factor is the probable loss of privacy. The exposure of ones personal details may leave one feeling uncomfortable and vulnerable. Pregnancy has its possible outcomes at birth in the form of miscarriages, multiple births, and serious disabilities. And there is always the risk that either the surrogate mother or the commissioning couple could have a change of mind. The legality of surrogacy Legislation is a measure with regulatory limits that has served in defining extents of surrogate motherhood. The law lacks uniformity in the application of the practice; however different federal jurisdictions distinguish between the concept of unpaid and unpaid surrogacy. The "altruistic" mode of surrogacy involves no payment for the service. On the other hand "commercial" surrogacy has the element of tribute payment. Altruistic surrogacy is, in many jurisdictions, unregulated. On the other hand punitive limits are placed on the commercial one. Advertising of surrogacy is prohibited, to reduce spread of practice. Surrogate contracts are unenforceable; hence surrogate mothers cannot relinquish custody of child to commissioning parents. The status of children Act, denies the bond between child and commissioning sperm donor while espousing the resulting offspring to be that of the surrogate mother and her husband (as legally bound). Successive lawmakers questioned talked of undesirable separation of roles, with a mother who sells her eggs, on who carries baby to term and the one to raise baby. Also most surrogate parents / couples were noted to be in search of specific quality refusing to accept disabled kids. Classic profiles are noted as driving point, with commissioning couples seeking positive eugenics. Surrogates are chosen due to the positive attributes the offer

Study case3 Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case3 - Case Study Example Despite the poor performance, 25% of the company’s revenue is generated from beauty products sales that has brought forth highly innovative product under the leadership of A.G. Lafley as the CEO. Under his first tenure (2000 to 2009), P&G undertook various creative innovations that saw to double increase of its products sales. As the CEO, A.G. Lafley has come up with various measures that are aimed at propelling the company’s profitable sales of its products. The company has been pruning some of its production segments which include the selling of pet food producing segment to the Candy Bar and Pedigree-maker Mars Inc. for $2.9 billion which is enough cash to undertake innovations and reinvest in the growing shaving, baby care, beauty and fabric segments (Brown, Bruce, and Scott D. Anthony 42-56). In 2010, the company revealed a sustainable program to drive 20% reduction in energy used for every unit of production by the year 2020. This has cut down energy consumption by 8% per unit, and also continues to introduce energy management systems at new locations that will help the company save millions of dollars. Moreover; P&G has engage momentous mechanisms to enhance productivity, counting a five-year cost savings initiative that will last through 2016. Through this, Proctor and Gamble CO. Targets to save $10 billion in costs related to goods traded, marketing expenses and non-manufacturing expenses. This program helped the company save $1.2 billion in cost of goods sold in the fiscal year 2013. The company has also incorporated a reshuffling process of its worldwide sales operation, combining Eastern and Western Europe into the single transaction. While the other combination is for India into its African and Middle East operations aiming at organizing the sales distribution in parallel geographical location and cutting cost (Brown, Bruce, and

The Experience After Death in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism Essay

The Experience After Death in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism - Essay Example The three religions are mostly practiced in the South Asian region of the world. With the advancement in science, people have started questioning the different beliefs in their respective religions. A detailed study of the three religions gives us convincing evidence of the existence of the after life, the nature of the soul and the journey towards its final destination and the concept of heaven and hell. In this paper I will study the concept of life after death in the light of the teachings of Hinduism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. Like most religions of the world Hinduism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism also believe in the experience of the life after death. Each of the three religions gives detailed accounts of the journey of the soul from the time of its departure from the physical body towards the final destination. According to Glin-pa and Evans Wentz (2000), in Buddhism the after death journey is covered by the soul in 49 days (pg. 104). During this period the soul passes through a number of stages which have been mentioned by the authors in â€Å"The Tibetan Book of the Dead (2000)†. After which the soul enters into another body and is ready for rebirth. Death is not a sad experience for the Buddhists. It is just the beginning of the process of rebirth. In Hinduism, like in Buddhism the experience of death is not a sad one. It is rather referred to as the changing of the clothes (pg. 15) or moving from one house to another (pg. 15) by Sri Swami Sivnanda (1997) in his book entitled â€Å"What becomes of the Soul after death†. The after life journey of a Hindu soul is completed in one year during which the soul passes through many stages. The greater the sins committed by the soul the harder become the journey (pg. 16). Peter Clark (1999, pg. 63) discusses the concept of life after death in his book entitled â€Å"An Introduction to an Ancient Faith†. According to him the Zoroastrian faith also supports

Drug Profile of Tizanidine HCl

Drug Profile of Tizanidine HCl Structure: Categories: Analgesics, Anticonvulsants, Parasympatholytics, Muscle Relaxants, Central, Adrenergic aipha-2 Receptor Agonists, Neuromuscular Agents, Muscle relaxant , Skeletal Weight: Average: 253.711 Monoisotopic: 253.018893678 Chemical Formula: C9H8ClN5S IUPAC Name: 5-Chloro-N-(4, 5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2, 1, 3-benzothiadiazol-4-amine Taxonomy: Kingdom: Organic Compounds Superclass: Heterocyclic Compounds Class: Benzothiadiazoles Direct parent: Benzothiadiazoles Alternative parents: Chlorobenzenes:Thiadiazoles; Polyamines; Aryl Chlorides; Guanidines; Organochlorides. Substituents: Chlorobenzene: Aryl chloride; Aryl halide; Thiadiazole; Guanidine; Azole; Organochloride; Organohalogen; Polyamine; Organonitrogen compound; Amine. Classification: These belong to Heterocyclic. This compound belongs to the benzothiadiazoles. Description: Aromatic compound containing a benzene ring fused to a thiadiazole ring. Pharmacology: Indication: To manage increased muscle tone associated with spasticity. For the management of spasticity Tizanidine is a short- acting drug. It is a agonist at a2-adrenergic receptor sites and by increasing presynaptic inhibition of motor neurons presumably decreases spasticity. Pharmacodynamics: Tizanidine has no direct effect on neuromuscular junction or skeletal muscle fibers and in monosynaptic spinal reflexes there is no major effect, in animal models. On polysynaptic pathways the effects of Tizanidine are more. To reduce the facilitation of spinal motor neurons the overall effect of these actions are thought. Mechanism of action: By increasing the presynaptic inhibition of motor neurons reduces Tizanidine spasticity through agonist action at a2-adrenergic receptor sites. Volume of distribution: 2.4L/kg Protein binding: 30% Route of elimination: Approximately 95% of an administered dose is metabolized. Half life: 2.5 hours Affected organisms: Humans and other mammals Drug interactions: Amlodipine: Amlodipine may decrease the clearance and metabolism of Tizanidine During co-administration considers alternate use caution or Therapy. Benazepril: With ACE inhibitor Tizanidine increases the risk of hypotension. Captopril: With ACE inhibitor Tizanidine increases the risk of hypotension. Solubility: Storage: cool dry place and in well-closed container. 4.3. EXCIPIENT PROFILE: Pharmaceutical excipients are substances, alternative than the pharmacologically effective drug or prodrug, that are indicated in the manufacturing process are hold in the final pharmaceutical compound dosage form. Excipients bring enhance practicability to the pharmaceuticals, advancement the alterations in the drug development and aid to advance patent life as well. Excipients arrange the products also practical at lower cost, they use a lot aim by the pharmaceutical industry which is overflow with pressure to reduce cost. Excipients show a comprehensive change of useful in pharmaceutical dosage forms, along with: The bioavailability and solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been modulated. In dosage forms stability of the active ingredients have been increased. Preferred polymorphic conformations or forms are maintained by helping active ingredients. Maintaining the pH and/or osmolality of liquid productions. Acting as emulsifying agents, antioxidants, tablet binders, aerosol propellants, and as a tablet disintegrate. Preventing dissociation or aggregation (e.g., polysaccharide and actives protein). Immunogenic responses of active ingredients are modulated (e.g., adjuvant). Polymers: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose Synonyms: Hydroxypropyl methyl ether, HPMC, Methocel. Methylcellulose propylene glycol ether, Methyl hydroxypropyl methyl ether [9004-65-3]. Non- proprietary name: BP:Hypromellose USP:Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose Functional Category: Coating agent, viscosity- increasing agent, tablet binder. Description: HPMC is tasteless and an odorless, white fibrous or granular powder, white or creamy. Alkalinity /acidity: pH 5.5-8.0 for a 1%w/w aqueous solution. Melting point: Browns at 190-200 °C, chars at 225-230 °C, glass transition temperature is 170-180 °C. Moisture content: Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose consume moisture from the atmosphere, the quantity of water consumed based on the moisture content and relative humidity and temperature of the surrounding air. Solubility: Soluble in forming a viscous colloidal solution, cold water, practically insoluble in ethanol (95%), chloroform, and either, but soluble in mixtures of dichloromethane and ethanol and mixtures of dichloromethane and methanol, and mixtures of alcohol and water. Methocel productUSP 28 DesignationNormal Viscosity (cps) Methoel K4M Premium 22084000 Methocel K100M Premium2208100000 Methocel K15M Premium220815000 Most influential factors is drug solubility for designing a drug release pattern. Require higher amounts of HPMC in the tablet because they are highly water soluble drugs. Suitable types of HPMC are the methocel K100M and methocel K4M grades, which have a characteristics of quick hydration and gel formation. The higher amount of HPMC or viscosity of HPMC can decrease the drug release rate in the tablet. Generally, maximum contended of methocel in the tablet is less 20%. If the contended is below 20%, there is a danger for excess dissolution in the 1st stage or initial erosion. Application in pharmaceutical formulation or technology: Hypromellose is mostly used in oral and pharmaceutical formulation. Hypromellose is most primarily used as a binder in tablet for oral products, as an extended release tablet matrix and in film coating. Depending upon the viscosity grade, concentration of 2-20% w/w are used in film coating tablets as film-forming solutions. In aqueous film-coating solutions Lower-viscosity grades are used. While in organic solvents higher-viscosity grades are used. Hypromellose at concentration between 0.45-1.0% w/w are may be used for eye drops and artificial tear solution as a thickening agent to vehicles. Also, used as suspending agent, an emulsifier, and stabilizing agent in topical ointments and gels. In addition, for manufacture of capsule hyprmellose is used, for hard contact lenses as a wetting agent and as an adhesive in plastic bandages. Also mostly used in food products and cosmetics. Stability and storage Conditions: HPMC powder is balanced material, although it is hygroscopic after drying. HPMC powder should be stored in a in a cool, dry place and in well- closed container. Incompatibilities: With some oxidizing agents HPMC is incompatible. HPMC will not complex with ionic organic or metallic salts to form insoluble precipitates since it is non-ionic. Safety: It is generally considered as a non-irritant and nontoxic material although oral consumption may have a laxative effect39. Sodium bicarbonate Non-proprietary names: BP/EP: sodium bicarbonate Synonym: Baking soda, e-500, and monosodium carbonate. Chemical name: carbonic acid, monosodium salt, monosodium carbonate. Empirical formula: NaHCO3 Molecular weight: 84.01 Category: alkalizing agent, therapeutic agent. Description: it is an odorless, white crystalline powder with slight alkaline taste. Acidity/ alkalinity: pH 8.3 for freshly prepared 0.1m aqueous solution at 250C. Density: 2.159 g/cm3 Solubility: Practically insoluble in ethanol and soluble in water,. Stability and storage: Sodium bicarbonate is balanced in dry air but still slowly disintegrates in moist air and should accordingly be reserved in a cool dry place and in well-closed container. Safety: sodium bicarbonate balance gastric acid with the change of carbon dioxide orally ingested and that may cause stomach cramps and flatulence. Applications: Employed as a cause of carbon dioxide in effervescent tablets and granules. Also used to buffer the drug molecules that are weak acids. Used in solutions as buffering agent. Also used as freeze-drying stabilizer. As a gas forming agent40. Magnesium stearate Nonproprietary names: BP: Magnesium Stearate, IP: Magnesium Stearate, PhEur: Magnesiistearas, USPNF: Magnesium Stearate. Synonyms: Magnesium octadecananoate; Octadecanoic acid; Magnesium salt; stearic acid magnesium salt. Empirical formula: C36H70MgO4 Chemical name: Octadecanoic acid magnesium salt Molecular weight: 591.34 Structural Formula: Fig 13. Structure of Magnesium Sterate Functional category: Capsule and tablet lubricant. Applications in Pharmaceutical Technology: Magnesium stearate is mostly used in pharmaceutical formulations food and cosmetics. Most primarily at the time of tablet and capsule manufacturing used as a lubricant with concentrations between 0.25% and 0.5% w/w. And also used in barrier creams. Description: Magnesium stearate is actual accomplished milled or precipitated, light white, impalable powder of less bulk density, having faint smell of stearic acid and a quality taste. The powder readily be attached to the skin and greasy to touch. Solubility: Practically insoluble in ether, ethanol (95%), ethanol, ether and water, slightly. Soluble in warm ethanol (95%) and warm benzene41. . Microcrystalline cellulose Synonyms: Microcrystalline cellulose, Avicel, Crystalline cellulose, emocel, vivacel, Cellulosum microcrystallinum. Chemical Name: Cellulose Empirical Formula: (C6H10O5)n where n ≈ 220. Structural formula: Fig 14: Structure of microcrystalline cellulose Functional category: suspending agent, Adsorbent, tablet disintegrant, tablet and capsule diluent. Applications in pharmaceutical formulation or technology: It is primarily used as a diluent/ binder in oral tablet and capsule formulation in both wet granulation processes and direct compression. It has also got some lubricant, antiadherent, and disintegrating properties, which is useful in tableting. Microcrystalline cellulose is used in food products and cosmetics. Description: It occurs as a white, tasteless, odourless crystalline powder keeping of porous particles. It is commercially applicable in different applications and properties. Solubility: Slightly soluble in 5% w/v sodium hydroxide solution; insoluble in most organic solvents, water and dilute acids. GradeNominal mean particle size ( µm)Moisture content Avicel pH -10150≠¤5.0 Avicel pH -102100≠¤5.0 Uses of microcrystalline cellulose Density (bulk): 0.28-0.32 g/cm3 for Avicel PH 102 and 0.29-0.36 g/cm3 for Avicel PH 200 pH: 5.5-7 Flowability: 1.41 g/s Melting point: 260–270 °C. Moisture content: Typically less than 5% w/w. Solubility: Insoluble in dilute acids and water, slightly soluble in 5% w/v sodium hydroxide solution. Specific surface area: 1.21–1.30 m2/g for Avicel pH-102, 0.78–1.18 m2/g for Avicel pH-200. Stability: Microcrystalline cellulose is a stable though hygroscopic material. Storage Conditions: Storeatambientconditions.Keepcontainers sealed; material is very hygroscopic. Incompatibilities: Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents43. Xanthum gum Synonyms: Bacterial Polysaccharide, Corn Sugar Gum, Xanthan, Gomme desucre de mais, Polysaccharide Xanthane, Gomme Xanthane, Polysaccharide Bactà ©rien, Xanthane, Goma Xantana, Xanthomonas campestris. Gomme de Xanthane, Description: Xanthan gum is a sugar-like compound prepared by blending aged (fermented) sugars with assured kind of bacteria. It is used to make medicine. It is used in making some medications and foods. In these products it has different effects. It can keep textures from changing, add thickness, and hold ingredients in place. In many types of medicines Xanthan gum is found. These include: Tablets which slowly break down in the body Liquid drops for the eyes Xanthan gum is formed by heating a carbohydrate (a substance which consists of sugar) withXanthomonas campestrisbacteria, then processing it. Uses: Use as a bulk-forming laxative to treatconstipation. In people with diabetes it lowers blood sugar. In people with diabetes it lowers cholesterollevels. For dry mouth used as a saliva substitute. Side effects: Xanthan gum assume to cause some side effects. A 1987 study, in that five men who are healthy ate roughly 10 to 13gm daily, has commence no adverse effects. It may cause gas. Risks.The FDA has warned against for giving simply thick to premature infants. It has been combined to a danger digestive problem called necrotizing enterocolitis in neonate born prematurely. Interactions: Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs) interrelates with XANTHAN GUM. By decreasing the absorption of sugars in food Xanthan gum might lower blood sugar. To lower blood sugar Diabetes medications are also used. Blood sugar to be too low may cause by taking xanthan gum with diabetes medications. Guide your blood sugar nearly. The dose of your diabetes medication may need to change. Some medications used for diabetes be composed of glimepiride (Amaryl), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glyburide, glipizide (Glucotrol), (Micronase, Dia Beta, Pres Tab, Glynase), pioglitazone (Actos), insulin, rosiglitazone (Avandia), tolbutamide (Orinase), and others. Dosing: In scientific research the following doses have been studied. Bymouth: The World Health Organization (WHO) has agreed the maximum pleasing intake for xanthan gum as a laxative of 15 grams per day and as a food additive of 10 mg/kg /day. Xanthan gum require extra fluids for effectiveness and safety, bulk laxatives such as. For diabetes: As an ingredient in muffins a typical dose is 12grams per day44. Aerosil IUPAC Name: Silicon dioxide Synonyms: Quartz, Silicic oxide, Silica, Crystalline silica, Silicon (IV) oxide, Description: Silicon dioxide, also known assilica (from the  Latinsilex), is a  chemical compound  that is an  oxide  of  silicon  with  chemical formulaSiO2. It has been known since ancient times. Silica is most usually found in nature as  quartz or sand, and also in the  cell   walls  of  diatoms  (frustule). Silica is prepared in many forms including fused quartz,  crystal,  fumed silica  (or pyrogenic silica), aerogel,  colloidal silica, and silica gel49.